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I am Andrew Allen and I talk about history. Here is a link to my Patreon if you want to support me. https://www.patreon.com/user?u=50989530
Episodes
Wednesday Feb 01, 2023
Wednesday Feb 01, 2023
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government. Episode eight explains that the United States of America was born when Virginia became the ninth state to ratify the constitution. Still, there were four ratification conventions left, and the new nation would be much weaker if all four voted against ratification, so the struggle between federalists and anti-federalists would continue. The federalists were victorious in New Hampshire and more important, New York, but they failed in North Carolina and Rhode Island. Regardless, they had created a new nation.
Cast of Characters:
Alexander Hamilton-member of the New York State Legislature, former aide to General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army
James Madison-delegate to the Confederation Congress
John Jay-Secretary of Former Affairs, former diplomat to Spain and former president of the Continental Congress
Edmund Randolph-governor of Virginia
Patrick Henry-former governor of Virginia and delegate to the First Continental Congress
George Mason-member of the Virginia General Assembly, author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights
Melancton Smith-lawyer, delegate to the Confederation Congress
Sources:
Franklin & Washington: The Founding Partnership-Edward J. Larson
Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder-Christian Parenti
The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789-Joseph J. Ellis
The Framers' Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution-Michael J. Klarman
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789-Edward J. Larson
Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788-Pauline Maier
Washington: A Life-Ron Chernow
Alexander Hamilton-Ron Chernow
George Washington: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
James Madison: A Biography-Ralph Ketcham
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789-Robert Middlekauff
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic-John Ferling
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Jan 25, 2023
Wednesday Jan 25, 2023
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government. Episode seven explains that the federalists initially dominated the ratification process, winning eight ratification conventions in a row, where the only close race was in Massachusetts. Since the constitution would be ratified after nine state conventions voted in favor, ratification appeared inevitable. Until the organizers of the New Hampshire convention postponed the convention because they feared they would lose, which was a problem since ratification was already unlikely in the other states.
Cast of Characters:
Alexander Hamilton-member of the New York State Legislature, former aide to General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army
James Madison-delegate to the Confederation Congress
John Jay-Secretary of Former Affairs, former diplomat to Spain and former president of the Continental Congress
James Wilson-lawyer, former delegate to the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence
Elbridge Gerry-delegate to the Confederation Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence
Sam Adams-president of the Massachusetts Senate, delegate to the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence
John Hancock-wealthy merchant, First and Third Governor of Massachusetts, formerly president of the Second Continental Congress
Sources:
Franklin & Washington: The Founding Partnership-Edward J. Larson
Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder-Christian Parenti
The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789-Joseph J. Ellis
The Framers' Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution-Michael J. Klarman
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789-Edward J. Larson
Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788-Pauline Maier
Washington: A Life-Ron Chernow
Alexander Hamilton-Ron Chernow
George Washington: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
James Madison: A Biography-Ralph Ketcham
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789-Robert Middlekauff
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic-John Ferling
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Jan 18, 2023
Wednesday Jan 18, 2023
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government. Episode Six explains that the delegates to the constitutional convention had disagreed over a number of issues, but had finally accepted a lower house with directly elected representatives and an upper house where each state had two members. The entire convention had lasted for four months, and a sizeable number of delegates had failed to make it to the end but the remaining delegates had finally hammered out a constitution that would create a new nation, The United States of America.
Cast of Characters:
George Washington- former Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, former delegate to the Continental Congress
Edmund Randolph-Governor of Virginia, former delegate to the Continental Congress
James Madison-delegate to the Confederation Congress
George Mason-member of the Virginia General Assembly, author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights
Benjamin Franklin-President of Pennsylvania, former minister to France, former Postmaster General, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Luther Martin-lawyer
Roger Sherman-former delegate to the Confederation Congress, former delegate to the Continental Congress, one of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence
Gouverneur Morris-businessman, former Assistant Superintendent of Finance and former delegate to the Continental Congress
James Wilson-lawyer, former delegate to the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence
Alexander Hamilton-member of the New York State Legislature, former aide to General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army
John Rutledge-former governor of South Carolina and former delegate to the Continental Congress
Charles Pinckney-delegate to the Confederation Congress
Sources:
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of The American Constitution-Richard Beeman
The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution-David O. Stewart
Franklin & Washington: The Founding Partnership-Edward J. Larson
Founding Finance: How Debt, Speculation, Foreclosures, Protests, and Crackdowns Made Us a Nation-William Hogeland
The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800-Stanley Elkins & Eric McKitrick
The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789-Joseph J. Ellis
American Creation-Joseph J. Ellis
The Framers' Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution-Michael J. Klarman
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution-Woody Holton
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789-Edward J. Larson
Washington: A Life-Ron Chernow
His Excellency: George Washington-Joseph J. Ellis
George Washington: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder-Christian Parenti
Alexander Hamilton-Ron Chernow
Alexander Hamilton: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
James Madison: A Biography-Ralph Ketcham
Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution-Charles Rappleye
Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris-The Rake Who Wrote the Constitution-Richard Brookhiser
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789-Robert Middlekauff
The Forging of the Union 1781-1789-Richard B. Morris
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Jan 11, 2023
Wednesday Jan 11, 2023
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government. Episode Four explains that after the majority of the delegations voted to accept a supreme national government, rather than a federation of states, the rest of the convention consisted of debates over the exact nature of the new government. Two months of lengthy speeches and grudging compromises produced a framework of government with a president and a proportionally representative House of Representatives and a Senate with equal representation from each state.
Cast of Characters:
George Washington- former Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, former delegate to the Continental Congress
Edmund Randolph-Governor of Virginia, former delegate to the Continental Congress
James Madison-delegate to the Confederation Congress
George Mason-member of the Virginia General Assembly, author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights
Benjamin Franklin-President of Pennsylvania, former minister to France, former Postmaster General, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Luther Martin-lawyer
Roger Sherman-former delegate to the Confederation Congress, former delegate to the Continental Congress, one of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence
Gouverneur Morris-businessman, former Assistant Superintendent of Finance and former delegate to the Continental Congress
James Wilson-lawyer, former delegate to the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence
Alexander Hamilton-member of the New York State Legislature, former aide to General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army
John Rutledge-former governor of South Carolina and former delegate to the Continental Congress
Charles Pinckney-delegate to the Confederation Congress
Sources:
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of The American Constitution-Richard Beeman
The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution-David O. Stewart
Franklin & Washington: The Founding Partnership-Edward J. Larson
Founding Finance: How Debt, Speculation, Foreclosures, Protests, and Crackdowns Made Us a Nation-William Hogeland
The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800-Stanley Elkins & Eric McKitrick
The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789-Joseph J. Ellis
American Creation-Joseph J. Ellis
The Framers' Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution-Michael J. Klarman
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution-Woody Holton
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789-Edward J. Larson
Washington: A Life-Ron Chernow
His Excellency: George Washington-Joseph J. Ellis
George Washington: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder-Christian Parenti
Alexander Hamilton-Ron Chernow
Alexander Hamilton: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
James Madison: A Biography-Ralph Ketcham
Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution-Charles Rappleye
Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris-The Rake Who Wrote the Constitution-Richard Brookhiser
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789-Robert Middlekauff
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Jan 04, 2023
Wednesday Jan 04, 2023
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government. Episode Four explains that when the convention officially started, Virginia governor Edmund Randolph proposed the Virginia Plan, which was a radical plan since representation in the new congress would be decided by population, not allocated equally to states. Soooo, the delegates would debate whether or not to create a new country.
Cast of Characters:
George Washington- former Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, former delegate to the Continental Congress
Edmund Randolph-Governor of Virginia, former delegate to the Continental Congress
James Madison-delegate to the Confederation Congress
Benjamin Franklin-President of Pennsylvania, former minister to France, former Postmaster General, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Robert Morris-businessman, former Superintendent of Finance, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Gouverneur Morris-businessman, former Assistant Superintendent of Finance and former delegate to the Continental Congress
James Wilson-lawyer, former delegate to the Continental Congress and signer of the Declaration of Independence
Alexander Hamilton-member of the New York State Legislature, former aide to General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army
John Rutledge-former governor of South Carolina and former delegate to the Continental Congress
Charles Pinckney-delegate to the Confederation Congress
Sources:
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of The American Constitution-Richard Beeman
The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution-David O. Stewart
Franklin & Washington: The Founding Partnership-Edward J. Larson
Founding Finance: How Debt, Speculation, Foreclosures, Protests, and Crackdowns Made Us a Nation-William Hogeland
The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800-Stanley Elkins & Eric McKitrick
The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789-Joseph J. Ellis
American Creation-Joseph J. Ellis
The Framers' Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution-Michael J. Klarman
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution-Woody Holton
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789-Edward J. Larson
Washington: A Life-Ron Chernow
His Excellency: George Washington-Joseph J. Ellis
George Washington: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder-Christian Parenti
Alexander Hamilton-Ron Chernow
Alexander Hamilton: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
James Madison: A Biography-Ralph Ketcham
Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution-Charles Rappleye
Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris-The Rake Who Wrote the Constitution-Richard Brookhiser
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789-Robert Middlekauff
A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic-John Ferling
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Dec 28, 2022
Wednesday Dec 28, 2022
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government. Episode three explains that when the legislature of Massachusetts imposed heavy taxes that would only benefit a small group of already wealthy speculators, it sparked a brief revolt. While the uprising was nearly bloodless, the failure of the militia to defeat the revolt made members of legislatures in other states reconsider the value of sending delegates to attend the convention in Philadelphia to discuss a stronger national government.
Cast of Characters:
John Hancock-wealthy merchant, First and Third Governor of Massachusetts, formerly president of the Second Continental Congress
James Bowdoin-wealthy merchant, Second Governor of Massachusetts
Benjamin Lincoln-commander of the private army raised to put down the rebellion, formerly a major general in the Continental Army
Henry Knox-Secretary of War, formerly a senior general in the Continental Army
Daniel Shays-rebel leader, former officer in the Continental Army
Ethan Allen-businessman and politician in the Republic of Vermont, former commander of the Green Mountain Boys
Thomas Chittenden-governor of the Republic of Vermont
Alexander Hamilton-member of the New York State Legislature, former aide to General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army
Sources:
Franklin & Washington: The Founding Partnership=Edward J. Larson
Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder-Christian Parenti
Founding Finance: How Debt, Speculation, Foreclosures, Protests, and Crackdowns Made Us a Nation-William Hogeland
The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789-Joseph J. Ellis
The Framers' Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution-Michael J. Klarman
Washington: A Life-Ron Chernow
Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788-Pauline Maier
Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution-Richard Beeman
The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution-David O. Stewart
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution-Woody Holton
American Creation-Joseph J. Ellis
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789-Edward J. Larson
Shay's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle-Leonard L. Richards
Alexander Hamilton: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
George Washington: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
Ethan Allen: His Life and Times-Willard Sterne Randall
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789-Robert Middlekauff
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Dec 21, 2022
Wednesday Dec 21, 2022
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government. Episode Two explains that Secretary of Foreign Affairs John Jay's failure to conclude a treaty with Spain had confirmed to many American political leaders that the Articles of Confederation were fatally flawed, and a more powerful federal government was required. Hoping to build a closer union, James Madison used a failed convention at Annapolis, Maryland as an opportunity to call for a larger convention to be held in Philadelphia next year.
Cast of Characters:
George Washington- former Commander in Chief of the Continental Army, former delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress
Benjamin Franklin-President of Pennsylvania, former minister to France, former Postmaster General, signer of the Declaration of Independence
John Jay-Secretary of Foreign Affairs, former President of the Continental Congress and former Minister to Spain
James Madison-delegate from Virginia to the Confederation Congress
Alexander Hamilton-member of the New York State Legislature, former aide to General George Washington, commander of the Continental Army
Charles Pinckney-delegate from South Carolina to the Confederation Congress
Henry Knox-Secretary of War, former major-general in the Continental Army
Sources:
Franklin & Washington: The Founding Partnership-Edward J. Larson
Founding Finance: How Debt, Speculation, Foreclosures, Protests, and Crackdowns Made Us a Nation-William Hogeland
The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800-Stanley Elkins & Eric McKitrick
The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789-Joseph J. Ellis
American Creation-Joseph J. Ellis
The Framers' Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution-Michael J. Klarman
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution-Woody Holton
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789-Edward J. Larson
Washington: A Life-Ron Chernow
His Excellency: George Washington-Joseph J. Ellis
George Washington: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder-Christian Parenti
Alexander Hamilton-Ron Chernow
Alexander Hamilton: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
James Madison: A Biography-Ralph Ketcham
Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution-Charles Rappleye
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789-Robert Middlekauff
The Forging of the Union 1781-1789-Richard B. Morris
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Dec 14, 2022
Wednesday Dec 14, 2022
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government. Episode One explains that the newly independent states had to deal with Britain's attempt to strangle their economy while struggling to pay off the debts from the war. Making matters worse, resentment was brewing in the frontier regions, which wanted to form their own states because they felt they were neglected by the existing states. So, the states had won their freedom but faced problems that the government could not handle.
Cast of Characters:
Benjamin Franklin-President of Pennsylvania, former minister to France, former Postmaster General, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Robert Morris-businessman, former Superintendent of Finance, signer of the Declaration of Independence
James Wilson-lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence
Henry Knox-Secretary of War, former major-general in the Continental Army
Arthur St. Clair-President of the Confederation Congress, former major-general in the Continental Army
William Duer-secretary of the Confederation's Treasury Board
Thomas Jefferson-Minister to France, former governor of Virginia and signer of the Declaration of Independence
Sources:
Franklin & Washington: The Founding Partnership-Edward J. Larson
Founding Finance: How Debt, Speculation, Foreclosures, Protests, and Crackdowns Made Us a Nation-William Hogeland
The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800-Stanley Elkins & Eric McKitrick
The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789-Joseph J. Ellis
American Creation-Joseph J. Ellis
The Framers' Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution-Michael J. Klarman
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution-Woody Holton
The Return of George Washington: Uniting the States, 1783-1789-Edward J. Larson
Washington: A Life-Ron Chernow
His Excellency: George Washington-Joseph J. Ellis
George Washington: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
Radical Hamilton: Economic Lessons from a Misunderstood Founder-Christian Parenti
Alexander Hamilton-Ron Chernow
Alexander Hamilton: A Life-Willard Sterne Randall
James Madison: A Biography-Ralph Ketcham
Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution-Charles Rappleye
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789-Robert Middlekauff
The Forging of the Union 1781-1789-Richard B. Morris
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Dec 07, 2022
Wednesday Dec 07, 2022
The Confederation Period lasted from 1783 to 1789. Following the end of the American Revolution in 1783, the newly independent states retained their sovereignty but were part of a confederation of states with a weak federal government. After it became clear that the confederation could not handle the challenges facing the states, a convention was held in Philadelphia which produced a constitution that created a new nation with a stronger federal government.
Image Credit:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy (1940) - The Indian Reporter, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=662340
Wednesday Jul 20, 2022
Wednesday Jul 20, 2022
The Mexican Revolution lasted from 1910 to 1920. Although Francisco Madero managed to overthrow the dictator Porfiro Diaz, he proved to be an ineffective president, who soon lost power. A succession of generals and rebel leaders struggled to gain the president's chair, but the fighting merely grew more destructive until Alvaro Obregon emerged as the victor in 1920. Part XIV explores Obregon's negotiation with the American government, the end of Pancho Villa, the Headless Revolt, the Cristeros War and the end of the revolution.
Cast of Characters:
Alvaro Obregon-President of Mexico, formerly a leading general in Carranza's Constitutionalist army
Plutarco Elias Calles-Secretary of the Interior, key ally of Obregon, formerly governor of Sonora, Secretary of Industry, Commerce and Labor under President Carranza
Adolfo de la Huerta- Secretary of the Treasury, key ally of Obregon, formerly governor of Sonora
Francisco Villa-rebel leader in Chihuahua, his followers are called villistas
Saturnino Cedillo-dominant leader in San Luis Potosi, his followers are called cedillistas
Manuel Palaez-rebel leader in Tampico, funded by oil companies in exchange for security, exiled by Obregon
Warren Harding-president of the US from 1921 to 1923
Calvin Coolidge-Harding's vice-president, succeeded him in 1923
Salvador Alvarado-former governor of Yucatan, member of the Sonoran faction
Manuel Dieguez-former governor of Jalisco, member of the Sonoran faction
Sources:
Villa and Zapata: A Biography of the Mexican Revolution-Frank McLynn
The Mexican Revolution: Volumes I & II-Alan Knight
The Mexican Revolution 1910-1940-Michael J. Gonzales
Mexico: Biography of Power, A History of Modern Mexico, 1810-1996-Enrique Krauze, translated by Hank Heifetz
Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War-John Mason Hart
Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution
The Life and Times of Pancho Villa-Friedrich Katz
Centaur of the North: Francisco Villa, the Mexican Revolution, and Northern Mexico
Alvaro Obregon: Power and Revolution in Mexico, 1911-1920-Linda B. Hall
The Last Caudillo: Alvar Obregon and the Mexican Revolution-Jurgen Buchenau
The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution-Friedrich Katz
Felix Diaz, the Porfirians, and the Mexican Revolution-Peter V. N. Henderson
Oil and Revolution in Mexico-Jonathan C. Brown
Oil, Banks and Politics: The United States and Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1917-1924-Linda B. Hall
Dark Side of Fortune: Triumph and Scandal in the Life of Oil Tycoon Edward L. Doheny-Margaret Leslie Davis
Wilson-A. Scott Berg
Image Credit:
Dec 6 1914 General Tomás Urbina, General Pancho Villa and General Emiliano Zapata, Creator: Casasola, Agustín Víctor, 1874-1938, Elmer and Diane Powell collection on Mexico and the Mexican Revolution, DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University, Wikimedia Commons